Solaris/Linux 命令行 简单手册3
SysAdmin Commands
Debugging
truss executable
/* Trace doing of given command ( useful debugging ) */
truss -f -p <pid of a shell>
/* Using multiple windows, this can be used to trace setuid/setgid programs */
Arp, ethernet trouble shooting
arp -a .
/* Shows the ethernet address arp table */
arp -d myhost
/* Delete a stale ethernet entry for host myhost */
Disk Commands
du -k .
/* Reports disk space used in Kilobytes */
du -sk .
/* Reportsonly total disk space used in Kilobytes */
du -sk *|sort -k1,1n
/* Reports total disk space used in Kilobytes in present directory */
du -ad /var | sort -nr
/* Tells you how big the /var files are in reverse order */
fdformat -d -U
/* Format diskette */
/usr/bin/iostat -E
/* Command to display drives statistics */
/bin/mount -F hsfs -o ro /dev/sr0 /cdrom
/* Mount an ISO 9660 CDROM */
newfs -Nv /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s1
/* To view the superfblocks available */
prtvtoc /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s2
/* Disk geometry and partitioning info */
quot -af
/* How much space is used by users in kilobytes */
Driver Parameters
ndd /dev/ip \?
/* Shows IP variables in the kernel */
ndd /dev/ip ip_forwarding
/* Tells you if forwarding is on (=1) */
ndd -set /dev/ip ip_forwarding 1
/* Enables IP forwarding between interfaces */
File Manipulation
dos2unix | -ascii <filename>
/* Converts DOS file formats to Unix */
split
/* Split files into pieces */
[vi] : %s/existing/new/g
/* Search and Replace text in vi */
[vi] :set nu
/* Set line numbers in vi */
[vi] :set ts=[num]
/* Set tab stops in vi */
File System
cat /dev/null >filename
/* Zero's out the file without breaking pipe */
dd if=/dev/rdsk/... of=/dev/rdsk/... bs=4096
/* Make a mirror image of your boot disk */
df -k | grep dg| awk '{print $6}' |xargs -n 1 umount
/* Unmount all file systems in disk group dg */
fsck -F ufs /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0
/* Check a UFS filesystem on c0t0d0s0 */
fsck -F ufs -y /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0
/* Check answering yes to all questions */
fsck -F ufs -o b=97472 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0
/* Check using an alternate super block */
gzip -dc file1.tar.gz | tar xf -
/* Unpack .tar.gz files in place */
gzip -d -c tarball.tgz | (cd /[dir];tar xf - ) &
/* Unpacking tarballs to diff location */
ln [-fhns] <source file> <destination file>
/* Creating hard links and soft links */
ls -la | awk '{ print $5," ",$9 }' | sort -rn
/* File sizes of current directory */
mount -f pcfs /dev/dsk/c0d0p1 /export/dos
/* Mount DOS fdisk partition from Solaris */
mount -F ufs -o rw,remount /
/* Used to remount root to make it writeable */
mount -o remount,logging /spare
/* Re-mount the ro file system rw and turn on ufs logging */
pax -rw . /newdir
/* Efficient alternative for copying directories */
prtvtoc /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s2 | fmthard -s - /dev/rdsk/c0t1d0s2
/* Cloning Partitiontables */
tar cvf filename.tar
/* Create a tape (tar) archive */
tar xvf filename.tar
/* Extract a tape (tar) archive */
tar cf - . | (cd /newdir ; tar xf -)
/* Recursively copy files and their permissions */
/sbin/uadmin x x
/* Syncs File Systems and Reboots systems fast */
zcat [cpio file] | cpio -itmv
/* Show the contents of a compressed cpio */
zcat <patch_file.tar.Z | tar xvf -
/* Extract the patch_file that is a compressed tar file */
File Transfer
get filename.suffix |"tar xf -"
/* Undocumented Feature of FTP */
put "| tar cf - ." filename.tar
/* Undocumented Feature of FTP */
find . -depth | cpio -pdmv /path/tobe/copied/to
/* Fast alternative to cp -pr */
sendport
/* Transferring large numbers of files within the same ftp control session */
General
/usr/bin/catman -w
/* Create windex databases for man page directories */
FQ_FILENAME=<fully_qualified_file_name>; echo ${FQ_FILENAME%/*}
/* Extract directory from fully-qualified file name. */
mailx -H -u <username>
/* List out mail headers for specified user */
set filec
/* Set file-completion for csh */
uuencode [filename] [filename] | mailx -s "Subject" [user to mail]
/* Send files as attachments */
Hardware
cfgadm
/* Verify reconfigurable hardware resources */
m64config -prconf
/* Print M64 hardware configuration */
m64config -depth 8|24
/* Sets the screen depth of your M64 graphics accelerator */
m64config -res 'video_mode'
/* Change the resolution of your M64 graphics accelerator */
Kernel
/usr/sbin/modinfo
/* Display kernel module information */
/usr/sbin/modload <module>
/* Load a kernel module */
/usr/sbin/modunload -i <module id>
/* Unload a kernel module */
nm -x /dev/ksyms | grep OBJ | more
/* Tuneable kernel parameters */
/usr/sbin/sysdef
/* Show system kernal tunable details */
Memory
prtconf | grep Mem
/* Display Memory Size */
Network Information
ndd /dev/arp arp_cache_report
/* Prints ARP table in cache with IP and MAC address */
netstat -a | grep EST | wc -l
/* Displays number active established connections to the localhost */
netstat -k hme0
/* Undocumented netstat command */
netstat -i
/* Show the TCP/IP network interfaces */
netstat -np
/* Similar to arp -a without name resolution */
netstat -r
/* Show network route table */
netstat -rn
/* Displays routing information but bypasses hostname lookup. */
netstat -a | more
/* Show the state of all sockets */
traceroute <ipaddress>
/* Follow the route to the ipaddress */
Network/Tuning
ifconfig eth0 mtu 1500
/* Change MTU of interface */
ifconfig eth0 10.1.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.255
/* Add an Interface */
/sbin/ifconfig hme0:1 inet 10.210.xx.xxx netmask 255.255.0.0 broadcast 10.210.xxx.xxx
/* Virtual Interfaces */
/sbin/ifconfig hme0:1 up
/* Bring virtual interface up */
/usr/sbin/ndd -set /dev/hme adv_100fdx_cap 1
/* Nailling to 100Mbps */
ndd -set /dev/ip ip_addrs_per_if 1-8192
/* To set more than 256 virtual ip addresses. */
ndd -set /dev/tcp tcp_xmit_hiwat 65535
/* Increase TCP-transmitbuffers */
ndd -set /dev/tcp tcp_recv_hiwat 65535
/* Increase TCP-receivebuffers */
Processes
fuser -uc /var
/* Processes that are running from /var */
kill -HUP `ps -ef | grep [p]roccess | awk '{print $2}'`
/* HUP any related process inone step */
lsof -i TCP:25
/* Mapping port with process */
pfiles <pid>
/* Shows processes' current open files */
pkill -n <name>
/* Kill a process by name */
kill `ps -ef | grep program_name | grep -v grep | cut -f8 -d ' '`
/* pkill for solaris 2.6 */
prstat -a
/* An alternative for top command */
/usr/ucb/ps -aux | more
/* Displays CPU % usage for each process in ascending order */
/usr/ucb/ps -auxww | grep <process name>
/* Gives the full listing of the process (long listing) */
ps -ef | grep -i <string> | awk '{ print $2 }'
/* Creates list of running PID by */
ps -ef | grep -v "0:00" | more
/* Gives you a list of any process with CPU time more than 0:00 */
ps -ef | more
/* Show all processes running */
ps -eo pid,args
/* List processes in simplified format */
ps -fu oracle|grep pmon
/* See which instances of Oracle are running */
/usr/proc/bin/ptree <pid>
/* Print the parent/child process 'tree' of a process */
/usr/proc/bin/pwdx <pid>
/* Print the working directory of a process */
top -b 1
/* Returns the process utilizing the most cpu and quits */
Resource Management
/usr/bin/ldd [filename]
/* List the dynamic dependencies of executable files */
/usr/proc/bin/pmap pid
/* Report address space map a process occupies */
Route Configuration
route add net 128.50.0.0 128.50.1.6 1
/* Adds route to 128.50 network via 128.50.1.6 */
route change 128.50.0.0 128.50.1.5
/* Changes the destination address for a route */
route delete net 128.50.0.0 128.50.1.6
/* Deletes route to 128.50 network */
route get [hostname]
/* Which interface will be used to contact hostname */
route monitor
/* Monitors traffic to the routes */
route flush
/* Removes all entries in the route table */
Searching Items
egrep "patterna|patternb" <filename>
/* Search for multiple patterns within the same file */
find . -exec egrep -li "str" {} \;
/* Find a string in files starting cwd */
find / -fstype nfs -prune -o fstype autofs -prune -o -name filename -print
/* Find without traversing NFS mounted file systems */
find . -mtime -1 -type f
/* Find recently modified files */
find / -mtime <# of days>
/* Find files modified during the past # of days */
find . ! -mtime -<days> | /usr/bin/xargs rm -rf
/* Finds and removes files older than <days> specified */
find . -type f -exec grep "<sub-string>" {} \; -print
/* Find files (and content) containing <sub-string> within directory tree */
find . -type f -exec grep -l "<sub-string>" {} \;
/* Find filenames containing <sub-string> within directory tree */
find . -type f -print | xargs grep -i [PATTERN]
/* Recursive grep on files */
find / -user <username>
/* Find all files owned by <username> */
find / | grep [file mask]
/* Fast way to search for files */
find <start_path> -name "<file_name>" -exec rm -rf {} \;
/* Recursively finds files by name and automatically removes them */
find /proc/*/fd -links 0 -type f -size +2000 -ls
/* Find large files held open by a process */
ls -lR | grep <sub_string>
/* Fast alternative to find */
Security
echo 'Please go away' >/etc/nologin
/* Stops users logging in */
find / -perm -0777 -type d -ls
/* Find all your writable directories */
find / -type f -perm -2000 -print
/* Find all SGID files */
find / -type f -perm -4000 -print
/* find all SUID files */
Set Terminal Options
stty erase ^H
/* Sets the Backspace Key to erase */
stty erase ^?
/* Sets the Delete Key to erase */
stty sane
/* Rreset terminal after viewing a binary file. */
tput rmacs
/* Reset to standard char set */
Snoop Your Network
snoop -d pcelx0
/* Watch all network packets on device pcelx0 */
snoop -o /tmp/mylog pcelx0
/* Saves packets from device pcelx0 to a file */
snoop -i /tmp/mylog host1 host2
/* View packets from logfile between host1 &host2 */
snoop -i /tmp/mylog -v -p101
/* Show all info on packet number 101 from a logfile */
snoop -i /tmp/mylog -o /tmp/newlog host1
/* Write a new logfile with all host1 packets */
snoop -s 120
/* Return the first 120 bytes in the packet header */
snoop -v arp
/* Capture arp broadcasts on your network */
Swap File
mkfile -v 10m /export/disk1/myswap
/* Makes a 10 Megabyte swapfile in /export/disk */
mkfile -nv 10m /export/disk1/myswap
/* Makes an empty 10 Megabyte swapfile */
Swap Space
swap -s
/* List the amount of swap space available, also see mkfile */
swap -a /export/disk1/swapfile
/* Add a swapfile */
swap -d /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s4
/* Deletes a swap device */
swap -l
/* List the current swap devices */
System Configuration
drvconfig ; disks
/* Adding hot-plug disks to system */
/usr/sbin/eeprom auto-boot? false
/* Changes eeprom autoboot? setting without going to Ok prompt */
/usr/sbin/eeprom diag-switch? true
/* Set the system to perform diagnostics on the next reboot. */
/usr/sbin/eeprom local-mac-address?=true
/* Multiple Port Network Card Setting */
/usr/sbin/grpck
/* Check /etc/group file syntax */
/usr/sbin/pwck
/* Check /etc/passwd file syntax */
/usr/sbin/sys-unconfig
/* Clear host specific network configuration information */
System Information and Monitoring
coreadm -e log
/* Report global core */
/bin/echo "0t${stamp}>Y\n<Y=Y" | adb
/* Convert UNIX timestamp to something human-readable */
/usr/sbin/eeprom
/* Show eeprom parameters */
grep "\-root" /var/adm/sulog | grep -v \+ | tail -25
/* List most recent attempts to switch to superuser account. */
isainfo -bv
/* Quickly checkout if machine is in 32 or 64 bit mode */
last
/* Tells who was or still is on the system */
logger -i
/* Log the process ID */
psradm -f [processor id]
/* Take processor offline */
/usr/sbin/prtconf -vp
/* Show system configuration details */
/usr/platform/`/bin/uname -i`/sbin/prtdiag -v
/* System Diagnostics */
prtconf -pv | grep banner-name |awk -F\' ' { print $2 } ' | head -1
/* Show actual model name of machine */
psrinfo | wc -l
/* Display number of processors */
sar -A <time in sec>
/* Provides cumulative system report. */
sar -a <time in sec>
/* Report use of file access system routines. */
sar -u
/* Report CPU Utilization */
telnet <remote machine> 13 | grep ':'
/* Get the time on remote Unix machine */
uname -a
/* Displays system information */
vmstat 10
/* Displays summary of what the system is doing every 10 seconds */
who -b
/* Displays the date of the last system reboot. */
ypcat hosts | sort -n -t. +0 -1 +1 -2 +2 -3 +3 -4
/* Take the input of "ypcat hosts" or "cat /etc/inet/hosts" and sort by IP. */
linux命令速查
一. 启动,关机,登入,登出相关命令
<login> 登录
<logout> 登出
<exit> 登出
<shutdown> 停止系统
<halt> 停止系统
<reboot> 重启动
<poweroff> 切断电源
<sync> 把内存里的内容写入磁盘
<lilo> 安装lilo启动管理程序
<grub> 安装lilo启动管理程序
二. Shell相关命令
<chsh> 切换Shell
<history> 显示命令履历
<alias> 设置命令别名
<unalias> 取消命令别名
<which> 显示命令所在位置
<type> 查询命令种类
<echo> 显示字符串或者变量内容
<set> 设置/显示Shell变量
<printenv> 显示环境变量
<export> 设置环境变量
<env> 设置临时环境变量
<unset> 释放环境变量
<setenv> 设置环境变量
<unsetenv> 释放环境变量
<source> 执行文件当中的命令
<man> 查询命令手册
<info> 查询超文本命令手册
<whatis> 显示命令简介
<apropos> 通过关键字查询手册
三. 用户管理相关命令
<su> 切换到其他用户
<useradd> 追加用户
<adduser> 追加用户
<userdel> 删除用户
<usermod> 修改用户设置
<chfn> 修改用户私人信息
<groupadd> 追加组
<groupdel> 删除组
<groupmod> 修改组设置
<passwd> 更改密码
<whoami> 显示用户名
<logname> 显示登录用户帐号
<users> 显示所有登录用户信息
<who> 查询登录用户信息
<w> 查询登录用户信息
<id> 显示指定用户的ID信息
<groups> 显示指定用户的所属组
<finger> 显示指定用户的个人信息
<mesg> 开关与他人收发消息
<write> 给其他用户发消息
<wall> 给所有用户发消息
<talk> 和其他用户聊天
四. 系统消息相关命令
<date> 显示/设置当前时间
<uptime> 显示系统运行时间
<arch> 显示机器的核心构架（如i386）
<uname> 显示操作系统信息
<tty> 显示终端名
<last> 显示登录/登出在履历
<lastb> 显示非法登录信息
<dumpkeys> 显示当前键盘配置
<loadkeys> 变更键盘配置
<df> 查询磁盘使用信息
<du> 查询磁盘使用信息
<dmesg> 显示系统启动消息
<script> 保存输入输出到文件
五. 文件操作相关命令
<ls> 显示文件列表
<tree> 显示目录树
<pwd> 显示当前路径
<cd> 更改当前路径
<pushd> 追加路径到目录堆栈
<popd> 从目录堆栈删除路径
<dirs> 显示目录堆栈的内容
<mkdir> 创建路径
<rmdir> 删除路径
<cp> 复制文件/目录
<rm> 删除文件/目录
<mv> 移动文件/目录，修改文件名
<chown> 更改文件/目录的所有者
<chgrp> 修改文件/目录的所有组
<chmod> 修改文件/目录的权限
<touch> 更改文件时间
<ln> 建立文件/目录链接
<find> 查找文件
<whereis> 显示文件存在的路径名
<file> 查询文件种类
<size> 查询文件大小
六. 文件编辑相关命令
<cat> 显示文件内容
<tee> 输出到文件和屏幕
<more> 分屏显示文件内容
<less> 分屏显示文件内容
<head> 显示文件头部内容
<tail> 显示文件尾部内容
<fold> 折叠显示长行
<sort> 排列文件的行
<cmp> 比较文件内容
<diff> 显示文件差异
<nkf> 更改日语文件编码
<dd> 变更文件之后复制
<wc> 统计文本单词数，文件大小等
<split> 分割文件
<paste> 以行连接文件
<join> 以字段连接文件
<grep> 查询文字
<uniq> 过滤重复部分显示文件内容
<tr> 替换文字
<sed> 替换文字
七. 压缩/解压缩相关命令
<ar> 压缩/解压缩文件
<tar> 压缩/解压缩文件
<compress> 压缩/解压缩文件
<uncompress> 解压缩
<gzip> 压缩/解压缩文件
<gunzip> 解压缩
<zcat> 显示压缩文件的内容
<lha> 压缩/解压缩文件
<uuencode> 把二进制文件编码为文本文件
<uudecode> 把经过编码的文本文件还原为二进制文件
八. MS-DOS工具集[mtools]命令
<mdir> 显示文件列表
<mcd> 改变当前目录
<mmd> 新建目录
<mrd> 删除目录
<mdeltree> 删除目录树
<mcopy> 复制文件
<mdel> 删除文件
<mmove> 移动文件
<mren> 更改文件或目录名
<mattrib> 修改文件属性
<mtype> 显示文件内容
<mdu> 查询文件或目录大小
<minfo> 显示磁盘信息
<mformat> 以MS-DOS方式格式化磁盘
<mlabel> 设置磁盘标签
九. 控制外部设备相关命令
<mount> mount上设备
<umount> 解除已经mount上的设备
<eject> 弹出（CD/DVD等）
<fdformat> 格式化软盘
<fdisk> 配置/显示硬盘分区
<mkfs> 格式化磁盘分区
<fsck> 检查/修复磁盘错误
<lpr> 打印到打印机
<lprm> 中断打印任务
<lpq> 显示打印任务的状态
<lpc> 管理/控制打印任务
<ifconfig> 显示/设定NIC配置
十. 进程及任务管理相关命令
<ps> 显示正在运行的进程
<jobs> 显示后台运行任务
<fg> 把任务切换到前台
<bg> 把任务切换到后台
<kill> 中止进程或任务
<killall> 中止进程或任务
<wait> 等待进程或任务的结束
<at> 设置定时执行任务
<atq> 显示尚未执行的任务
<atrm> 删除定时执行任务
<batch> 在系统负荷减轻的时候执行任务
<nice> 改变优先度并执行任务
<nohup> 在后台执行任务，Logout之后也不退出
<sleep> 休眠一定的时间
十一. 网络管理相关命令
<netstat> 显示当前网络连接状况
<route> 显示/设置路由
<host> 显示网络主机情况
<hostname> 显示/设置当前主机的名字
<ping> 确认和远程机器的连接情况
<traceroute> 显示路由信息
<rwho> 查询网上机器的登陆用户
<ruptime> 查询网上机器的系统运行时间
<rlogin> 登陆到远程机器
<telnet> 用telnet登陆到远程机器
<rsh> 给远程机器发送命令
<rcp> 在远程机器之间复制文件
<mail> 收取邮件
<sendmail> 发送邮件
<mailq> 确认邮件队列
<ftp> 用ftp传输文件
十一. 其他命令
<cal> 显示日历
<clear> 清屏
<gcc> 编译C语言代码
<as> 汇编
<bc> 计算
<rpm> Redhat的包管理
<dpkg> Debian的包管理
<installpkg> Slackware的包安装（删除命令则是removepkg）
<XF86Setup,turboxfg,Xconfigurator> 配置 X 服务器
<startx> 启动 X-Window 系统
附：组合命令
重定向，如
$ ls -l /bin >ls-output
$ more ls-output
管道命令，如
$ cat file1 file2 | sort | uniq
经常被用于管道的命令
awk, fold, grep, head, nnkf, pr, sed, sort, tail, tee, tr, uniq, wc
